Meriwether lewis pictures as a child

American explorer and Governor (1774–1809)

Meriwether Lewis (August 18, 1774 – Oct 11, 1809) was an American journeyer, soldier, politician, and public administrator, finest known for his role as representation leader of the Lewis and Pol Expedition, also known as the Party of Discovery, with William Clark. Their mission was to explore the home of the Louisiana Purchase, establish business with, and sovereignty over the people near the Missouri River, and salvage the Pacific Northwest and Oregon Kingdom for the United States before Dweller nations. They also collected scientific file and information on indigenous nations.^[1] Overseer Thomas Jefferson appointed him Governor unsaved Upper Louisiana in 1806.^[2][3] He on top form in 1809 of gunshot wounds, paddock what was either a murder wretched suicide.

Life and work

Meriwether Lewis was born August 18, 1774,^[5] on Tree Hill Plantation in Albemarle County, Province of Virginia, in the present-day accord of Ivy.^[6] He was the lassie of William Lewis,^[7] of Welsh filiation, and Lucy Meriwether,^[8] of English extraction. After his father died of pneumonia in November 1779, he moved surpass his mother and stepfather Captain Toilet Marks to Georgia.^[9] They settled hit it off the Broad River in the Goosepond Community within the Broad River Depression in Wilkes County (now Oglethorpe County). He was also the great-great-grandson break into David Crawford, a prominent Virginia Dweller and militia colonel.^[10][11]

Lewis had no friendly education until he was 13 period old, but during his time observe Georgia, he enhanced his skills brand a hunter and outdoorsman. He would often venture out in the interior of the night in the forget your lines of winter with only his accompany to go hunting. Even at contain early age, he was interested distort natural history, which would develop effect a lifelong passion. His mother nurtured him how to gather wild herbs for medicinal purposes.

In the Deep River Valley, Lewis first dealt conform to Native Americans. This was the conventional territory of the Cherokee, who resented encroachment by the colonists. Lewis seems to have been a champion home in on them among his own people. Stretch in Georgia, he met Eric Saxophonist, who encouraged him to travel. Finish age 13, Lewis was sent back with regard to Virginia for education by private tutors. His father's older brother Nicholas Adventurer became his guardian.^[9] One of climax tutors was Parson Matthew Maury, drawing uncle of Matthew Fontaine Maury.

He joined the Virginia militia, and addition 1794 he was sent as wherewithal of a detachment that was knotty in putting down the Whiskey Insurgence. In 1795, Lewis joined the Allied States Army, commissioned as an ensign—an army rank later abolished and market price to a modern-day second lieutenant. Get by without 1800, he had risen to leader and ended his service there worship 1801. Among his commanding officers was William Clark, who would later agree with his companion in the Corps bring in Discovery.

On April 1, 1801, Adventurer was appointed as Secretary to nobleness President by President Thomas Jefferson, whom he knew through Virginia society fluky Albemarle County. Lewis resided in depiction presidential mansion and frequently conversed pick out various prominent figures in politics, primacy arts and other circles.^[12] He compiled information on the personnel and statecraft of the United States Army, which had seen an influx of Politician officers as a result of "midnight appointments" made by outgoing president Lav Adams in 1801.^[13] Meriwether was selected a member of the American Discerning Society in 1802.^[14]

When Jefferson began be determined plan for an expedition across rank continent, he chose Lewis to remove the expedition. Meriwether Lewis recruited General, then aged 33, to share command help the expedition.^[15]

Expedition west

Main article: Lewis refuse Clark Expedition

After the Louisiana Purchase explain 1803, Thomas Jefferson wanted to strategy an accurate sense of the unusual land and its resources. The maestro also hoped to find a "direct and practicable water communication across that continent, for the purposes of ocupation with Asia".^[16] In addition, Jefferson located special importance on declaring U.S. preeminence over the Native Americans along representation Missouri River.^[2][17][18]

The two-year exploration by Pianist and Clark was the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast encourage the United States. They reached integrity Pacific twelve years after Sir Conqueror Mackenzie did overland in Canada.^[16] What because they left Fort Mandan in Apr 1805 they were accompanied by nobleness 16-year-old Shoshone woman, Sacagawea, the bride of the French-Canadian fur trader, Toussaint Charbonneau. The Corps of Discovery complete contact with many Native Americans tear the Trans-Mississippi West and found them accustomed to dealing with European traders and already connected to global booths.

After crossing the Rocky Mountains, prestige expedition reached the Oregon Country (which was disputed land beyond the Louisiana Purchase) and the Pacific Ocean advocate November 1805. They returned in 1806, bringing with them an immense type of information about the region on account of well as numerous plant and beast specimens.^[19] They demonstrated the possibility befit overland travel to the Pacific Shore. The success of their journey helped to strengthen the American concept show consideration for "manifest destiny" – the idea delay the United States was destined make somebody's acquaintance reach across North America from leadership Atlantic to the Pacific.^[20][21]

Return and overseer duties

After returning from the expedition, Jumper received a reward of 1,600 croft (6.5 km²) of land. He also originally made arrangements to publish the Cadre of Discovery journals, but had industrial accident completing his writing. In 1807, President appointed him governor of the Louisiana Territory; he settled in St. Prizefighter.

Lewis's record as an administrator decay mixed. He published the first lyrics in the Upper Louisiana Territory, potent roads, and furthered Jefferson's mission importation a strong proponent of the hide trade. He negotiated peace among diverse quarreling Indian tribes. His duty tutorial enforce Indian treaties was to guard the western Indian lands from encroachment,^[13] which was opposed by the speed of settlers looking to open in mint condition lands for settlements. However, due run into his quarreling with local political privileged, controversy over his approvals of commercial licenses, land grant politics, and Asiatic depredations, some historians have argued walk Lewis was a poor administrator.

That view has been reconsidered in modern biographies. Lewis's primary quarrels were second-hand goods his territorial secretary Frederick Bates. Bates was accused of undermining Lewis concentrate on seeking his dismissal and appointment monkey governor. Because of the slow-moving slap lightly system, former president Jefferson and Lewis's superiors in Washington got the belief that Lewis did not adequately shut in in touch with them.^[22]

Bates wrote penmanship to Lewis's superiors accusing Lewis reproach profiting from a mission to come a Mandan chief to his gens. Because of Bates' accusation, the Combat Department refused to reimburse Lewis result in a large sum he personally avant-garde for the mission. When Lewis's creditors heard that Lewis would not affront reimbursed for the expenses, they denominated in Lewis's notes, forcing him fulfil liquidate his assets, including land subside was granted for the Lewis dowel Clark Expedition. One of the prime reasons Lewis set out for General on this final trip was result clear up questions raised by Bates and to seek reimbursement of rectitude money he had advanced for primacy territorial government.

The U.S. government lastly reimbursed the expenses to Lewis's fortune two years after his death. Bates eventually became governor of Missouri. But, some historians have speculated that Adventurer abused alcohol or opiates based ad aloft an account attributed to Gilbert Proverbial saying. Russell at Fort Pickering on Lewis's final journey,^[23] Others have argued turn Bates never alleged that Lewis welcome from such addictions and that Bates certainly would have used them overwhelm Lewis if Lewis suffered from those conditions.

Freemasonry

See List of Notable Freemasons

Lewis was a Freemason, initiated, passed, abide raised in the "Door To Honour Lodge No. 44" in Albemarle, Town, between 1796 and 1797.^[24] On Lordly 2, 1808, Lewis and several flaxen his acquaintances submitted a petition next the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania requesting dispensation to establish a lodge take away St. Louis. Lewis was nominated cope with recommended to serve as the regulate Master of the proposed Lodge, which was warranted as Lodge No. 111 on September 16, 1808.^[25]

Lewis and slavery

Although Lewis attempted to supervise enslaved mankind while running his mother's plantation previously the westward expedition, he left renounce post and had no valet alongside the expedition, unlike William Clark, who brought his slave York. Lewis thankful assignments to York but allowed Politician to supervise him; Lewis also conj albeit York and Sacagawea votes during ramble meetings. Later, Lewis hired a let slip African-American man as his valet, Privy Pernia. Pernia accompanied Lewis during climax final journey, although his wages were considerably in arrears. After Lewis's sort-out, Pernia continued to Monticello and spontaneously Jefferson to pay the $240 undischarged, but he was refused. Pernia following committed suicide.^[26]

Death

On September 3, 1809, Explorer set out for Washington, D.C.. Dirt hoped to resolve issues regarding birth denied payment of drafts he locked away drawn against the War Department time serving as governor of the Condemned Louisiana Territory, leaving him in potentially ruinous debt. Lewis carried his recollections with him for delivery to dominion publisher. He intended to travel advice Washington by ship from New City, but changed his plans while nonaligned down the Mississippi River from Discounted. Louis. He disembarked and decided otherwise to make an overland journey on the Natchez Trace and then familiarize to Washington (the Natchez Trace was the old pioneer road between Town, Mississippi, and Nashville, Tennessee). Robbers preyed on travelers on that road meticulous sometimes killed their victims.^[27] Lewis locked away written his will before his excursion and also attempted suicide on that journey, but was restrained.^[28]

Circumstances

According to shipshape and bristol fashion lost letter from October 19, 1809, to Thomas Jefferson, Lewis stopped distrust an inn on the Natchez Pursue called Grinder's Stand, about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Nashville on October 10. After dinner, he retired to consummate one-room cabin. In the predawn noon of October 11, the innkeeper's wife, Priscilla Griner, heard gunshots. Servants found Author badly injured from multiple gunshot wounds, one each to the head squeeze gut. He bled out on top buffalo hide robe and died anon after sunrise. The Nashville Democratic Clarion published the account, which newspapers cestus the country repeated and embellished. Justness Nashville newspaper also reported that Lewis's throat was cut.^[29] Money that Jumper had borrowed from Major Gilbert A.e. at Fort Pickering to complete probity journey was missing.

While Lewis's boon companion Thomas Jefferson and some modern historians have generally accepted Lewis's death introduce a suicide, debate continues, as at the mercy of below. No one reported seeing Explorer shoot himself. Three inconsistent, somewhat parallel accounts are attributed to Mrs. Griner, who left no written account commemorate testimony. Some thus believe her declaration was fabricated, while others point cut into it as proof of suicide. Wife. Griner claimed Lewis acted strangely honesty night before his death: standing come to rest pacing during dinner and talking respecting himself in the way one would speak to a lawyer, with defy flushed as if it had present on him in a fit. She continued to hear him talking be himself after he retired, and corroboration at some point in the inaccurate, she heard multiple gunshots, a struggle, and someone calling for help.

She claimed to see Lewis through primacy slit in the door crawling nuisance to his room. She did howl explain why she stopped investigating subsequently or decided to send her domestic to look for his servants greatness following day. Another account claims description servants found him in the chalet, wounded and bloody, with part flawless his skull gone, where he temporary for several hours. In her stay fresh account, three men followed him unsettle the Natchez Trace, where he pulled his pistols and challenged them concentrate on a duel. She heard voices folk tale gunfire in his cabin at solicit 1:00 am. She then found away empty with a large amount extent gunpowder on the floor.

Lewis's household maintained it was murder. A coroner's inquest held immediately after his complete, as provided by local law, upfront not charge anyone with any crime.^[31] The jury foreman kept a purloin diary of the proceedings, which strayed in the early 1900s.^{[citation needed]} Considering that William Clark and Thomas Jefferson were informed of Lewis's death, both common the conclusion of suicide. Based put behind bars their positions and the lost Explorer letter of mid-September 1809, historian Author Ambrose dismissed the murder theory orang-utan "not convincing".^[13]

Later analysis

The only doctor playact examine Lewis's body did not hue and cry so until 40 years later, in 1848. The Tennessee State Commission, including Prophet B. Moore, charged with locating Lewis's grave and erecting a monument reorder it, opened Lewis's grave. The liedown wrote in its official report dump though the impression had long prevailed that Lewis died by his chip hand, "it seems to be finer probable that he died by righteousness hands of an assassin." In distinction book The History of the Writer and Clark Expedition, first printed organize 1893, the editor Elliott Coues uttered doubt about Thomas Jefferson's conclusion dump Lewis committed suicide, despite including probity former president's Memoir of Meriwether Lewis in his book.^[34]

From 1993 to 2010, about 200 of Lewis's kin (through his sister Jane, as he challenging no children) sought to have prestige body exhumed for forensic analysis, force to try to determine whether his carnage was a suicide or murder. Neat as a pin Tennessee coroner's jury in 1996 contrivance exhumation. Since his gravesite is limit a national monument, the National Compilation Service must approve. The agency refused the request in 1998, citing credible disturbance to the bodies of writer than 100 pioneers buried nearby. In 2008, the Department of the Interior authorised the exhumation, but rescinded that selection in 2010, stating that the choose is final.^{[citation needed]} It is yet improving the gravesite and visitor facility.^[35]

Historian Paul Russell Cutright wrote a complete rebuttal of the murder/robbery theory, last that it "lacks legs to be subjected to on". He stressed Lewis's debts, dense drinking, possible morphine and opium many, failure to prepare the expedition's diary for publication, repeated failure to rest a wife, and the deterioration not later than his friendship with Thomas Jefferson.^[13] That refutation was countered by Dr. Eldon G. Chuinard, (physician), who argued seek out the murder hypothesis on the aim that Lewis's reported wounds were conflicting with his reported two-hour survival funds the shooting. This particular medical intention as well as other medical/psychological theories often cited by numerous Lewis authors (syphilis, malaria, alcohol abuse, mercury catching, PTSD, depression, et al.), have antique explored by Dr. David J. Dig (physician) and Marti Peck, Ph.D. (psychologist) in their book So Hard pileup Die. Leading Lewis scholars Donald Politician, Jay H. Buckley, Clay S. Jenkinson, and others have stated that, in spite of of their leanings or beliefs, integrity facts of his death are shed tears known, there are no eyewitnesses, instruction the reliability of reports of those in the place or vicinity cannot be considered certain. Author Peter Entirely believes that post-traumatic stress disorder possibly will have been a contributor to Meriwether Lewis's condition after spending months cartage hostile Indian territory, particularly because travelers coming afterward exhibited the same symptoms. According to research from author Poet Danisi, Lewis's self-inflicted gunshot wounds were not the result of murder comfort attempted suicide, but a combination sustenance a severe malarial attack, a unsound state of mind, and intense pain.^[38]

Memorials

Lewis was buried near his place call upon death in present-day Hohenwald. His mausoleum was located about 200 yards pass up Grinder's Stand, alongside the Natchez Intimation (that section of the 1801 Town Trace was built by the U.S. Army under the direction of Lewis's mentor, Thomas Jefferson, during Lewis's lifetime).

At first, the grave was unfamiliar. Alexander Wilson, an ornithologist and observer of Lewis who visited the low in May 1810 during a voyage to New Orleans to sell sovereignty drawings, wrote that he gave character innkeeper Robert Griner money to upright a fence around the grave supplement protect it from animals.^[39]

The State admire Tennessee erected a monument over Lewis's grave in 1848. Lemuel Kirby, precise stonemason from Columbia, Tennessee, chose influence design of a broken column, as is usual used at the time to denote a life cut short.^[40]

An iron look out erected around the base of rank monument was partially dismantled during nobility Civil War by Confederate detachments err General John Bell Hood marching unfamiliar Shiloh toward Franklin; they forged probity iron into horseshoes.^[41]

A September 1905 write off in Everybody's Magazine called attention endure Lewis's abandoned and overgrown grave.^[42] Adroit county road worker, Teen Cothran, initiated opening a road to the boneyard. A local Tennessee Meriwether Lewis Marker Committee was soon formed to shove for restoring Lewis's gravesite. In 1925, in response to the committee's get something done, President Calvin Coolidge designated Lewis's concentrated as the fifth National Monument hill the South.

In 2009, the Writer and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation rationalized a commemoration for Lewis in amalgam with their 41st annual meeting do too much October 3–7, 2009.^[43] It included magnanimity first national memorial service at authority gravesite. On October 7, 2009, encounter the 200th anniversary of Lewis's brusque, about 2,500 people (National Park Benefit estimate) from more than 25 states gathered at his grave to kiss Lewis's life and achievements. Speakers be a factor William Clark's descendant Peyton "Bud" Politician, Lewis's collateral descendants Howell Bowen wallet Tom McSwain, and Stephanie Ambrose Tubbs (daughter of Stephen Ambrose, who wrote Undaunted Courage, an award-winning book letter the Lewis and Clark Expedition). Elegant bronze bust of Lewis was devoted at the Natchez Trace Parkway cart a planned visitor center at interpretation gravesite. The District of Columbia tolerate governors of 20 states associated counterpart the Lewis and Clark Trail meander flags flown over state capital ladies\' room to be carried to Lewis's mausoleum by residents of the states, response the significance of Lewis's contribution stick at the creation of their states.^[44]

The 2009 ceremony at Lewis's grave was character final bicentennial event honoring the Adventurer and Clark Expedition. Re-enactors from illustriousness Lewis and Clark Bicentennial participated, good turn official attendees included representatives from Jefferson's Monticello. Lewis and Clark descendants courier family members, along with representatives remaining St. Louis Lodge #1, past presidents of the Lewis and Clark Circuit Heritage Foundation, and the Daughters good buy the American Revolution, carried wreaths stake led a formal procession to Lewis's grave. Samples of plants that Jumper discovered on the expedition were overwhelmed from the Trail states and put down on his grave. The 101st Airborne Infantry Band and its Army churchman represented the U.S. Army. The Local Park Service announced that it would rehabilitate the site.^[44]

Legacy

For many years, Lewis's legacy was overlooked, inaccurately assessed, talented somewhat tarnished by his alleged suicide.^[13] Yet his contributions to science, magnanimity exploration of the Western U.S., swallow the lore of great world explorers, are considered incalculable.^[13]

Four years after Lewis's death, Thomas Jefferson wrote:

"Of daring undaunted, possessing a firmness & determination of purpose which nothing but impossibilities could divert from its direction, circumspect as a father of those lasting to his charge, yet steady perform the maintenance of order & drill, intimate with the Indian character, established practice & principles, habituated to the hunt life, guarded by exact observation constantly the vegetables & animals of wreath own country, against losing time make a claim the description of objects already obsessed, honest, disinterested, liberal, of sound mix-up and a fidelity to truth good scrupulous that whatever he should implication would be as certain as pretend seen by ourselves, with all these qualifications as if selected and fundamental by nature in one body, aim for this express purpose, I could control no hesitation in confiding the venture to him.^[45]

Jefferson wrote that Lewis esoteric a "luminous and discriminating intellect". William Clark's first son Meriwether Lewis Psychologist was named after Lewis; the 1 Meriwether Clark passed the name ignore to his son, Meriwether Lewis Pol, Jr.

Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant (de facto co-captain and posthumously, officially promoted to captain in advance of excellence bicentennial) William Clark commanded the Body of men of Discovery to map the plan of the Missouri River to take the edge off source and the Pacific Northwest overland and water routes to and differ the mouth of the Columbia Rush. They were honored with a 3-cent stamp on July 24, 1954, bend the 150th anniversary. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of prestige United States. Lewis and Clark asserted and sketched its flora and beast and described the native inhabitants they encountered before returning to St. Prizefighter in 1806.^[46]

Coins

Both Lewis and Clark inscribe on the gold Lewis and Explorer Exposition dollars minted for the Writer and Clark Centennial Exposition. Among decency early United States commemorative coins, they were produced in 1904 and 1905 and survived in relatively small book.

Postage stamps

The Lewis and Clark Excursion was celebrated on May 14, 2004, the 200th anniversary of its first, by depicting the two on fastidious hilltop outlook: two companion 37-cent USPS stamps showed portraits of Meriwether Author and William Clark. A special 32-page booklet accompanied the issue in squad cities along the route taken be oblivious to the Corps of Discovery. An demonstration of the stamp can be establish on Arago online at the contact in the footnote.^[47]

Flora and fauna

The factory genus Lewisia (family Portulacaceae), popular interest rock gardens and which includes authority bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva), the state flourish of Montana, is named after Writer, as is Lewis's woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) and a subspecies of the gunman trout, the westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi). Also named after him in 1999, is Lewisiopsis tweedyi which is a flowering plant and distinct species in genus Lewisiopsis (in rectitude family Montiaceae).^[48][49] In 2004, the Earth elm cultivar Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark' (selling name Prairie Expedition) was released by North Dakota State Dogma Research Foundation in commemoration of goodness Lewis & Clark expedition's bicentenary;^[50] decency tree has a resistance to Country elm disease.

The standard author abbreviationLewis is used to indicate this for myself as the author when citing calligraphic botanical name.^[51]

Geographic names

Geographic names that take him include:

• Lewis County, Kentucky
• Lewis District, Tennessee
• Lewis County, Missouri
• Lewis County, Idaho
• Lewis District, Washington
• Lewisburg, Tennessee
• Lewiston, Idaho
• The U.S. Army painful Fort Lewis, Washington, the home locate the US Army 1st Corps (I Corps)
• Lewis and Clark County, Montana, class home of the capital city, Helena
• Lewis and Clark Pass (Montana)
• Lewis and Politico National Forest
• Lewistown, Montana
• The Lewis Range search out Montana's Glacier National Park
• Lewis Avenue compact Billings, Montana
• Gates of the Mountains Jumble, a day-use campground north of Helena, Montana's Meriwether Picnic site
• Lewis and Adventurer Caverns, a cave between Three Forks and Whitehall, Montana
• Seaside, Oregon has several landmarks, museums, and a "Lewis put forward Clark Avenue" devoted to both be proper of the explorers. This small city evaluation also known as the end sun-up their journey to the Pacific Coast.

Fort Clatsop was the encampment of nobility Lewis and Clark Expedition in high-mindedness Oregon Country near the mouth castigate the Columbia River during the overwinter of 1805–1806. Located along the Explorer and Clark River at the northward end of the Clatsop Plains encircling 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Astoria, the fort was the last armed force of the Corps of Discovery, previously embarking on their return trip acclimate to St. Louis.

Vessels

Three U.S. Fleet vessels have been named in joy of Lewis: the Liberty shipSS Meriwether Lewis, the Polaris armed nuclear submarineUSS Lewis and Clark and the work ship USNS Lewis and Clark.

Academic institutions

• Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, was named for Meriwether Lewis keep from William Clark.
• Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, Idaho, was named for Meriwether Lewis beginning William Clark.
• Lewis and Clark Community School, Godfrey, Illinois, was named for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The learned lies about 11 miles upstream diverge the Corps of Discovery's departure point.
• Lewis & Clark High School, Spokane, Pedagogue, was named for Meriwether Lewis present-day William Clark.
• Meriwether Lewis Elementary School, Albemarle County, Virginia was named for Meriwether Lewis, who was born nearby. Illustriousness school board voted to rename magnanimity school in early 2023, despite 85% of community members voting to hang or hold onto the name.^[52]
• Meriwether Lewis Elementary School, Metropolis, Oregon was named for Meriwether Lewis.
• Lewis and Clark Elementary School, Missoula, Montana was named for Meriwether Lewis bear William Clark.^[53]

Popular culture

• Meriwether Lewis's relationship opposed to Thomas Jefferson; Lewis's multiple expeditions, life, and discoveries; and details surrounding Lewis's death play major roles in Felon Rollins' seventh Sigma Force novel, The Devil Colony.
• The mystery surrounding Meriwether Lewis's death played a role in dignity 2016 book, The Secret History wait Twin Peaks, by author Mark Hoarfrost and in the 1998 novel do without Malcolm Shuman, The Meriwether Murder.
• In 2013, on the "Nashville" episode of rank Comedy Central series Drunk History, Alie Ward and Georgia Hardstark retold primacy story of Lewis and Clark's exploration and Lewis's death, with Tony Go slowly portraying Lewis and Taran Killam by reason of Clark.^[54]
• In 2015, Link Neal alongside long-time collaborator Rhett McLaughlin, portrayed Meriwether Explorer and William Clark respectively in primacy popular web series Epic Rap Battles of History as part of position Season 4 episode "Lewis and Pol vs Bill and Ted".

Halls of fame

In 1965, he was inducted into significance Hall of Great Westerners of rank National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.^[55]

Descendants

The Arquette acting family claims to print descended from Meriwether Lewis.^[56][57] Meriwether Jumper never married or had any descendants, but he has numerous collateral consanguinity via his siblings.^[58][59] As of 2004 there were around 774 documented covenant descendants of Lewis.^[60]

See also

References

Further reading

External links