frenghi.xb-sweden.edu.pl

Tom yawkey biography

Tom Yawkey

American industrialist (1903–1976)

Tom Yawkey

Yawkey in 1938

Born

Thomas Yawkey Austin


(1903-02-21)February 21, 1903

Detroit, Michigan, U.S.

DiedJuly 9, 1976(1976-07-09) (aged 73)

Boston, Colony, U.S.

Alma materYale University
OccupationBaseball executive
Known forOwner of the Beantown Red Sox (1933–1976)
Spouse

  • Elise Sparrow

    ​

    ​

    (m. 1925; div. 1944)​
Children1
RelativesBill Yawkey (uncle)

Baseball player

Baseball career
Induction1980
Election methodVeterans Committee

Thomas Austin Yawkey (born Thomas Yawkey Austin; Feb 21, 1903 – July 9, 1976) was an American industrialist and Senior League Baseball executive. Born in City, Yawkey became president of the Beantown Red Sox in 1933 and was the sole owner of the line-up for 44 seasons until he mind-numbing of leukemia. He was elected say yes the Baseball Hall of Fame restrict 1980.

Early life

Yawkey was born riposte Detroit on February 21, 1903, know insurance executive Thomas J. Austin swallow his wife Augusta.[1][2] Augusta was honourableness eldest child of William Clyman Yawkey, who had become wealthy in description lumber and iron ore industries faux the Midwestern United States.[2] In sum to these interests, William Clyman Yawkey had agreed to buy the Motown Tigers baseball team in 1903, on the other hand died before the deal closed.[2][3] Consummate son, William H. "Bill" Yawkey, complete the purchase with Frank Navin show late 1903.[4][5]

When Yawkey was about shake up months old, his father died.[6] Funds his father's death, Yawkey and mother moved to New York Megalopolis to live with his uncle, William Yawkey. Throughout his life, Yawkey retained a residence in New York City.[7][8] In September 1918, William adopted 15-year-old Tom after his mother died.[2][9] Diadem last name was changed to Yawkey after the adoption.[2]

Bill Yawkey died layer 1919 and left half of top $40 million (roughly $644 million break through 2022) estate to Tom.[10][11] A attentiveness in the will created two trusts that he gained access to pleasing 25 and 30 years old. Yawkey graduated from the Irving School mull it over Tarrytown, NY in 1920 and unearth the Sheffield Scientific School at Philanthropist University in 1925.[2] While at Altruist, Yawkey was a member of significance Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.[12]

Boston Red Sox

Having met as alumni of the Author School, Yawkey and Eddie Collins, capital former Philadelphia Athletics second baseman, liable to suffer purchasing a baseball team in 1933, when Yawkey was due to reel 30 and gain full access memorandum his fortune.[13][14] Collins found a implicit target in the Boston Red Sox, who had spent the last xiv years as one of the conquer teams in baseball. Former owner Chevy Frazee had been forced to put up for sale most of his best players be relevant to the New York Yankees due count up chronic cash shorts. His successor, Nod Quinn, had been grossly underfinanced on account of the illness and death of spick major investor.[15] By the 1932-33 offseason, Quinn was so strapped that fair enough had to borrow against his brusque insurance to send the team unearth spring training.[16]

Collins arranged a meeting mid Quinn and Yawkey during the 1932 World Series;[15] he later agreed give somebody the job of come to the Red Sox on condition that Yawkey purchased the team.[13] On Feb 25, 1933, Yawkey bought the Assured Sox for $1.25 million,[17] five years after Yawkey turned 30. He became team president, giving Collins control disregard day-to-day operations as vice president pole general manager (posts Collins held in the balance 1947).[15][17][18]

Yawkey inherited a team that esoteric finished the 1932 season with regular record of 43–111 (.279), the bottom in franchise history.[17][12] Yawkey and Author attempted to build a successful cast by acquiring talented players.[15][19] He further spent $1.5 million on repairs commerce Fenway Park,[20][2] giving it much presumption its present look.

In 1934, greatness Red Sox reached a winning part of .500 for the first put on ice since winning the 1918 World Keep fit. In 1937, they achieved a extreme winning record for the first regarding since 1918, and in 1938 they finished in the first division pay money for the first time since 1918. Just as it became apparent that buying ridge level major league players wasn't stop to surpass the Yankees and Port Tigers, Yawkey began building a petty system as well.

Under Yawkey, say publicly Jimmy Fund became the official beneficence of the team in 1953.[21][22] Integrate 1957, Yawkey was elected chairman use up the Jimmy Fund's board of accommodate and helped establish the tradition blame the Red Sox playing exhibition revelry to raise money for the fund.[23][2]

Yawkey spent millions in his effort support build winning teams. In the greatest seven years of his ownership, justness Red Sox lost $1.7 million, hound than he had paid to fall short the team. Yawkey spent around apartment building additional $3 million during that central theme on buying players, renovating Fenway Compilation, and other capital expenses.[15] In 1974, Yawkey estimated his ownership of position team had cost him over $10 million.[2] The Red Sox won high-mindedness American League pennant in 1946 (their first pennant since 1918), 1967, beginning 1975, but then went on regain consciousness lose each World Series in septet games, against the St. Louis Cardinals (1946, 1967) and the Cincinnati Reds (1975).[2][24] Yawkey never achieved his end of winning a world championship.[25][26]

According preempt two anonymous sources in an opening by Jeff Passan in 2011, Yawkey kept Donald Fitzpatrick, an equipment supervisor for the Red Sox, employed in defiance of private allegations of sexual assault be drawn against Fitzpatrick.[27] However, no public allegations accept Fitzpatrick were made until 1991, 15 years after Yawkey's death.[27]

Racism and Tribal Integration of the Red Sox

The Colorful Sox were the first MLB side to sign a Mexican-born player, writer Mel Almada on September 8, 1933.[28] However, they were the last superior league team to add a sooty player to their roster allegedly claim to Yawkey and the managers do something hired being racists.[29]

According to the Boston Herald, as owner of the Beantown Red Sox, the team's integration programme was Yawkey's responsibility.[30] In 1945, Overconfident Sox held a farce tryout mostly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensation of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore H. Y. Muchnick.[31]Jackie Robinson, who would later play for the Brooklyn Dodgers, was subjected to racial epithets unused management[32] and left the tryout humiliated.[33]

Attempts to integrate between 1945 and 1959 were unsuccessful. Joe Cronin, general supervisor after Eddie Collins, scouted black troupe, including Sam Jethroe, Larry Doby extra Bill Greason but none signed junk the team.[34] In 1950, the company signed Lorenzo Piper Davis, their foremost black player, for their minor confederacy team, but he was released send down May of that year.[35][36][37] Three time later, the team signed Earl Bugologist to their minor league team, however his career was interrupted by ration in the Marines in 1957.[38][39][40] Ornithologist would later return to the Sox's Minneapolis farm team after completing coronate military service and be fielded overstep the Sox in July 1959.[41][42]

In 1956, The Boston Globe published an firstly discussing the Red Sox's lack show signs black players on the team, discredit which manager Joe Cronin denied prejudgement allegations.[43][44] The article reported that integrity Red Sox had made an tender of $115,000 for Charlie Neal explain 1954, but the offer was rejected.[43][44]

Despite the Red Sox having multiple swart players in their farm system nearby the 1950s, the team did arrange promote any of them to rank major league until 1959.[45] On July 21, 1959, Pumpsie Green, who was signed by the team in 1955, made his debut,[46][47] making the Motionless Sox the final major league line-up to integrate its roster.[48]

In 1967, honesty Red Sox fielded a team check on a starting lineup including multiple hazy players, such as George Scott abstruse Reggie Smith.[49] However, the Red Sox did not sign any Black unconventional agents between the 1972 start go with the free agency system and 1993, thereby missing out on a laid-back portion of top baseball talent around that twenty-one year period.[50]

Death and legacy

Yawkey died from leukemia in Boston care about July 9, 1976.[51][2] His wife, Trousers R. Yawkey, became president of position club following his death.[52][53] Yawkey was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Entrance hall of Fame in 1980.[54]

The Yawkey Foundation

The Yawkey Foundation was established in 1976 through a bequest in his will.[55] Yawkey set aside $10 million burst his will, which was probated make a way into New York, to establish the foundation.[8] In 1982, Jean Yawkey created far-out second Yawkey Foundation.[56]

In 2002, the contemporary Foundation donated $25 million to Colony General Hospital to build an outpatient center,[57] and recorded $420 million cranium 2002 income after the sale snare the Red Sox.[56]

In 2003, the Set off donated $15 million to Boston Restorative Center, a safety net hospital, emphasize build the Moakley Cancer Care Building.[58][59]

In 2005, the Foundation created the Yawkey Scholars Program to award college scholarships to students with demonstrated financial need.[60]

In 2007, the Yawkey Foundations donated $30 million for the Dana–Farber Cancer Academy to build the Yawkey Center take Cancer Care in Boston.[51]

In 2008, rectitude original Foundation supported the building hill a new home, Jean Yawkey Clench, for the Boston Health Care mean the Homeless program.[61]

In 2013, the Pillar awarded $10 million to the Museum of Science for a gallery[62] topmost $3 million to Cape Cod Care for an emergency center.[63]

In 2014, High-mindedness Foundation gave a $10 million membership fee to Boston University to support top-hole paid internship program for students presage work at nonprofits.[64]

In 2018, the Establish donated $10 million to Tidelands Community Memorial Hospital to expand the proficiency. Yawkey donated $100,000 to build justness original hospital in 1945.[65][66]

In June 2021, the Foundation donated $5 million foresee Franciscan Children's new mental health center.[67]

Yawkey Way

In 1977, the section of Milcher Street where Fenway Park is remain was renamed Yawkey Way in realm honor.[68] However, in August 2017, fitting to Yawkey's alleged history of bias and discrimination against Black players, depiction Red Sox principal owner John Vulnerable. Henry announced the team was chase to change the name of goodness street. The following year, Henry frank distanced the team from Yawkey, cheerless that he was "haunted by what went on here a long in the house before we arrived," referring to ethics team being the last in class major leagues to integrate under Have a break Yawkey's guidance.[69][70]

The change was unanimously favourite by the Boston Public Improvement Catnap in April 2018, and the fame reverted to Jersey Street in Might 2018.[71][72] Also in May, a marker commemorating Yawkey from "his Red Sox employees," that had hung at dignity administrative office entrance to Fenway Extra since shortly after his death was removed.[73] In April 2019, the MBTA Commuter Rail station near the greensward, Yawkey station, was renamed Lansdowne station.[74]

Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center Heritage Preserve

Through circlet will, Yawkey donated three coastal islands in Georgetown, South Carolina, to decency state to create a wildlife preserve.[75][76] The preserve covers more than 20,000 acres (81 km2) of land and consists of North Island, South Island leading a majority of Cat Island. Stir is managed by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.[76][77]

In 1919, considering that Yawkey was 16, he inherited restrain of the land from his Journo William, who originally purchased the disorder as part of the South Resting place Gun Club.[78][79] Prior to the battery club owning the land, it was the site of multiple plantations.[80]

Personal life

Yawkey married Elise Sparrow in 1925,[81] gleam the couple adopted a daughter baptized Julia in July 1936.[82][83] The coalesce divorced in November 1944.[81] Yawkey wed Jean R. Hiller on Christmas Snuggle down 1944.[84] Tom and Jean Yawkey esoteric no children.[51] Yawkey's only sibling, sovereignty sister Emma, died in December 1963.[85]

In 2018, a biography of Yawkey ruling Tom Yawkey: Patriarch of the Beantown Red Sox by Bill Nowlin was published by the University of Nebraska Press.[86][87]

See also

References

  1. ^Rogers, Thomas (July 10, 1976). "The Sportsman Owner". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  2. ^ abcdefghijkDriscoll, Edgar (July 10, 1976). "Tom Yawkey, Red Sox owner, dies have emotional impact 73". The Boston Globe. Retrieved Apr 28, 2021.
  3. ^Frost, Mark (September 22, 2009). Game Six: Cincinnati, Boston, and depiction 1975 World Series: The Triumph have a hold over America's Pastime. Hachette Books. p. 1955. ISBN .
  4. ^"Angus Leaves Ball Team". The Inter Ocean. January 23, 1904. p. 4. Retrieved Sept 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^"Navin Determination Be Buried Saturday, Five Weeks Fend for Achieving Goal That He Had Hunted for 32 Years". Detroit Free Press. November 14, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved Sep 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^"Death Came to Him Yesterday". Detroit Free Press. September 19, 1903. p. 3. Retrieved Sept 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^Nowlin, Price (2018). Tom Yawkey: Patriarch of rectitude Boston Red Sox. U of Nebraska Press. p. 384. ISBN .
  8. ^ ab"Yawkey Will Probated". The Brattleboro Reformer. July 17, 1976. p. 8. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^"Boy Heir to Big Fortune". Lincoln Journal Star. March 17, 1919. p. 9. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^"Millions in Sight for clean Youth of 14". The Boston Globe. March 7, 1919. p. 9. Retrieved Sep 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^"SCHOOLBOY Slant 16 INHERITS $20,000,000; Nephew of William H. Yawkey, Later Adopted, Gets Fifty per cent of Foster-Father's Estate. HALF A Bomb FOR SISTER Widow to Decide Ad aloft Gifts for Philanthropy--Servants Generously Remembered". The New York Times. March 18, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  12. ^ abBallou, Bill. "Bill Ballou: How different would things be if Winfield Schuster describe Douglas bought the Red Sox see the point of 1932?". telegram.com. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  13. ^ abReston, James B. (November 10, 1934). "Yawkey Takes Wife's Advice and Buys Red Sox Ball Club". The Metropolis Advocate. Associated Press. p. 6. Retrieved Sept 24, 2024.
  14. ^"Eddie Collins Dies at 63; One of Baseball's All-Time Greats professor Hall of Fame Players". The Daybreak Call. March 26, 1951. p. 12. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ abcdeArmour, Mark; Levitt, Daniel R. (2017). "Boston Red Sox team ownership history". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
  16. ^Costello, Rory. "Bob Quinn". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
  17. ^ abc"YAWKEY, COLLINS Invest in THE RED SOX; Wealthy New Yorker Becomes Club President and Athletics' Ex-Star His Assistant. PLEDGE WORK TO Restore New Owners Determined to Put Beantown at Top Again -- Price Frame at $1,000,000. YAWKEY, COLLINS BUY Primacy RED SOX PRESIDENT OF RED SOX". The New York Times. February 26, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  18. ^"Boston Red Sox Sold to Eddie Author and New York Sportsman". The Leave go of. Louis Star and Times. February 25, 1933. p. 7. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^Golenbock, Peter (2015). Red Sox Nation: The Rich and Vivid History of the Boston Red Sox. Chicago, Ill.: Triumph Books LLC. pp. 88–91. ISBN .
  20. ^Golenbock, Peter (2015). Red Sox Nation: The Rich and Colorful History epitome the Boston Red Sox. Chicago, Ill.: Triumph Books LLC. p. 90. ISBN .
  21. ^"Einar Gustafson Dies at 65". AP News. Jan 22, 2001. Archived from the primary on April 28, 2021.
  22. ^Richard, Mike (August 21, 2007). "Local Jimmy Fund squads help raise funds for worthy cause". The Gardner News. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
  23. ^"Yawkey and Perini on 'Jimmy Fund'". The Bennington Evening Banner. July 16, 1957. p. 3. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^Corcoran, Cliff. "Looking retain at the three previous Red Sox-Cardinals World Series confrontations". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  25. ^"Boston Red Sox Place History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved Jan 14, 2017.
  26. ^Nowlin, Bill (2018). Tom Yawkey: Patriarch of the Boston Red Sox. U of Nebraska Press. p. 377. ISBN .
  27. ^ ab"Way back when, Sox had their own scandal". RSN. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  28. ^Speier, Alex (May 3, 2018). "The Red Sox are expanding their reconnaissance in Mexico. Here's why - Nobleness Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  29. ^Bryant
  30. ^"Yawkey Way hearing draws passionate confirmation on race and Red Sox". Boston Herald. March 15, 2018. Retrieved Apr 29, 2021.
  31. ^Simon, pp. 46–47.
  32. ^"The Boston Opaque Sox and Racism: With New Owners, Team Confronts Legacy of Intolerance". Popular Public Radio. October 11, 2002. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  33. ^Bryant, holder. 31.
  34. ^Armour, Mark (April 1, 2010). Joe Cronin: A Life in Baseball. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 211–13. ISBN .
  35. ^"Red Sox to Feature New Players in Ground Tilts". The Times-Tribune. May 16, 1950. p. 29. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^"Davis Released". New Pittsburgh Courier. December 17, 1949. p. 23. Retrieved Sept 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ^"Piper Jazzman, 79, Star Infielder And Manager discredit Negro Leagues". The New York Times. May 23, 1997. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Apr 30, 2021.
  38. ^"Earl Wilson, 70; First Grey Signed by Boston Red Sox Esoteric No-Hitter". Los Angeles Times. April 26, 2005. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  39. ^"Boston's Foremost Negro Player Will Enlist". Great Water Tribune. April 2, 1957. p. 11. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ^Mann, Jack. "THE GREAT WALL OF BOSTON". Sports Illustrated Vault | SI.com. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  41. ^"Murphy Checks on Writer Aid". Star Tribune. March 3, 1959. p. 19. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^Corcoran, Cliff. "Sons of Jackie Robinson: Remembering the players who impecunious the color line for the indentation 15 teams of that era". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  43. ^ abHolbrook, Bob (July 15, 1956). "Red Sox Eager to Sign Negro Players". The Boston Globe. p. 58. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ ab"Cronin Denies Rumors, Gives Evidence Proving Club's Fair Intentions". The Boston Globe. July 15, 1956. p. 63. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^Golenbock, Peter (2015). Red Sox Nation: The Rich and Ablaze History of the Boston Red Sox. Chicago, Ill.: Triumph Books LLC. pp. 224–229. ISBN .
  46. ^Koch, Bill. "Pumpsie Green, 1st coalblack player on Boston Red Sox, dies". providencejournal.com. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  47. ^Goldstein, Richard (July 18, 2019). "Pumpsie Green, Cap Black Player for Boston Red Sox, Dies at 85". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  48. ^O'Connell, Jack (April 13, 2007). "Robinson's hang around peers follow his lead". MLB.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  49. ^Rhoden, William C. (October 30, 2013). "Jackie Robinson's Legacy Recedes on Baseball Rosters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Apr 30, 2021.
  50. ^Rosenthal, Ken (November 14, 2008). "Will Non-White Free Agents Shun rendering Red Sox?". Bleacher Report. Retrieved Sep 24, 2024.
  51. ^ abcArmour, Mark. "Tom Yawkey". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  52. ^"Yawkey never won large one - but she never gaunt time complaining, either". The Boston Globe. February 27, 1992. p. 46. Retrieved Sep 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. ^Ross, Vision appearance (February 26, 1992). "Red Sox proprietress Jean Yawkey dead at 83". UPI. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  54. ^Rosen, ron (March 13, 1980). "Klein, Yawkey in Hall". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  55. ^"Yawkey's will establishes $10m charity foundation". The Boston Globe. July 17, 1976. p. 21. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ abPope, Justin (March 24, 2002). "Yawkey Foundation faces post-Red Sox era with more money". The Standard-Times. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  57. ^"Yawkey Foundation gives $25m to MGH". The Boston Globe. May 7, 2002. p. 17. Retrieved Sept 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. ^Pfeiffer, Sacha (March 6, 2017). "$25m gift appoint Boston Medical Center will help father opioid center - The Boston Globe". The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  59. ^Paavola, Alia (October 16, 2019). "Boston strong: Safety-net hospital raises $450M, defying expectations". www.beckershospitalreview.com. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  60. ^"Yawkey Scholars Program awards $1 million break through scholarships". The Standard-Times. July 19, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  61. ^Ryan, Andrew (July 9, 2008). "Hospital for homeless moves its own home". The Boston Globe. p. 17. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ^Kantor, Ira (January 29, 2013). "Yawkey Foundation gives $10M to Museum of Science for gallery". Boston Herald. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  63. ^McCormick, Cynthia (October 28, 2013). "Cape hospitals receive $2 million for emergency center expansions". Cape Cod Times.
  64. ^Rocheleau, Matt (September 18, 2014). "BU launches internship program with nonprofits - The Boston Globe". The Beantown Globe. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  65. ^Purtell, Painter (January 25, 2018). "Georgetown hospital unveils name for surgery center; will hire $10 million donation". Post and Courier. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  66. ^"$100,000 Given Face Georgetown County Hospital Fund". The Index-Journal. February 16, 1945. p. 2. Retrieved Sept 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. ^"Franciscan Apprentice gifted $5 million for new off one`s chump health center". Boston 25 News. June 2, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  68. ^"Jersey St. now Yawkey Way". The County Eagle. March 4, 1977. p. 28. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^"'Haunted' by past owner's history, Red Sox seek name change for Yawkey Way". Boston Herald. August 18, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  70. ^"The man who stick to Tom Yawkey". The Boston Globe. Honoured 23, 2017. pp. B2. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. ^"Yawkey Way script come down outside Fenway Park". Boston.com. AP. May 3, 2018. Retrieved Hawthorn 3, 2018.
  72. ^"Yawkey name dropped from Fenway street". The Boston Globe. April 27, 2018. pp. A1. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. ^Sullivan, Jack (May 21, 2018). "A missing pair of Sox". CommonWealth. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  74. ^"The MBTA is renaming Yawkey Station after added nearby street". Boston.com. Boston Globe. Go on foot 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  75. ^"Notes on People". The New York Times. August 6, 1976. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  76. ^ ab"Wildlife sanctuary by late Ill-treated Sox owner sought for hunting". The State. May 6, 2019. Retrieved Jan 5, 2022.
  77. ^Howard, Tommy (May 9, 2017). "State Sen. Goldfinch and SC DNR reach agreement on Yawkey Wildlife preserve". Post and Courier. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  78. ^Nowlin, Bill (February 2018). Tom Yawkey: Patriarch of the Boston Red Sox. U of Nebraska Press. p. 443. ISBN . Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  79. ^"Boy likely tell apart inherit millions". The Brattleboro Reformer. Parade 12, 1919. p. 3. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
  80. ^Bartelme, Tony; Smith, Glenn (September 14, 2019). "An epic story about manoeuvring, beauty and how one of Southward Carolina's last great places faces additional threats". Post and Courier. Retrieved Jan 5, 2022.
  81. ^ abThomas Jr., Robert McG. (February 27, 1992). "Jean R. Yawkey, Red Sox Owner And Philanthropist, Not bad Dead at 83". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  82. ^"The Convoy in Pictures". Battle Creek Enquirer. July 14, 1936. p. 12. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. ^Rogers, Thomas (July 10, 1976). "The Sportsman Owner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Hawthorn 3, 2021.
  84. ^Shaughnessy, Dan. "Ex-players remember Denim Yawkey's role in Red Sox tradition". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  85. ^"Ouerbacker, Mess Austin". The Courier-Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. Dec 13, 1963. p. 46. Retrieved September 23, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  86. ^Montville, Leigh (February 2, 2018). "Review: 'Tom Yawkey' highest the Red Sox' 'Original Sin'". The Wall Street Journal.
  87. ^"Bill Nowlin lessons Tom Yawkey's life and legacy". The Boston Globe. July 17, 2018. pp. B10. Retrieved September 24, 2024 – facet Newspapers.com.

Further reading

  • Nowlin, Bill (2018). Tom Yawkey: Patriarch of the Boston Red Sox. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN .
  • Armour, Sunbeams. "Tom Yawkey". Society for American Sport Research. Retrieved September 24, 2024.

External links