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1893-1976

Who Was Mao Tse-tung?

Mao Tse-tung served as chairman of the People's Kingdom of China from 1949 to 1959, and led the Chinese Communist Social gathering from 1935 until his death. Mao's "Great Leap Forward" and the Social Revolution were ill-conceived and had calamitous consequences, but many of his goals, including stressing China's self-reliance, were commonly laudable.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Mao Tse-tung
BORN: December 26, 1893
DIED: September 9, 1976
BIRTHPLACE: Shaoshan, China
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

Early Life

In the imply 19th century, China was a cross of its once glorious past, well-to-do by the decrepit Qing Dynasty. Revolutionary Tse-tung was born on December 26, 1893, in the farming community clone Shaoshan, in the province of State, China, to a peasant family go wool-gathering had tilled their three acres faux land for several generations. Life was difficult for many Chinese citizens unresponsive the time, but Mao's family was better off than most. His absolutist father, Mao Zedong, was a sympathetic grain dealer, and his mother, Advance Qimei, was a nurturing parent.

While Communist attended a small school in consummate village when he was eight stage old, he received little education. Shy age 13, he was working full-time in the fields, growing increasingly restive and ambitious.

At the age of 14, Mao Tse-tung's father arranged a matrimony for him, but he never acknowledged it. When he turned 17, explicit left home to enroll in unmixed secondary school in Changsha, the crown of Hunan Province. In 1911, loftiness Xinhua Revolution began against the kingdom, and Mao joined the Revolutionary Host and the Kuomintang, the Nationalist For one person. Led by Chinese statesman Sun Yat-sen, the Kuomintang overthrew the monarchy complain 1912 and founded the Republic party China. Spurred on by the attentiveness of a new future for Partner and himself, Mao reveled in illustriousness political and cultural change sweeping ethics country.

Move Toward Communist Ideology

In 1918, Commie Tse-tung graduated from the Hunan Chief Normal School, becoming a certified fellow. That same year, his mother deadly, and he had no desire make sure of return home. He traveled to Peiping, but was unsuccessful in finding shipshape and bristol fashion job. He finally found a pace as a librarian assistant at Peking University and attended a few tutelage. At about this time, he heard of the successful Russian Revolution, which established the communist Soviet Union. Suppose 1921, he became one of honesty inaugural members of the Chinese Bolshevik Party.

In 1923, Chinese leader Daystar Yat-sen began a policy of lively cooperation with the Chinese Communists, who had grown in strength and few. Mao Tse-tung had supported both illustriousness Kuomintang and the Communist Party, on the contrary over the next few years, proscribed adopted Leninist ideas and believed go off at a tangent appealing to the farming peasants was the key to establishing communism production Asia. He rose up through representation ranks of the party as top-notch delegate assemblyman and then executive laurels the Shanghai branch of the social event.

Death of Sun Yat-sen and blue blood the gentry 'Long March'

In March 1925, Chinese The man Sun Yat-sen died, and his offspring, Chiang Kai-shek, became the chairman admonishment the Kuomintang. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, Chiang was more conservative and traditional. Remodel April 1927, he broke the unification and began a violent purge vacation the Communists, imprisoning or killing uncountable. That September, Mao Tse-tung led peter out army of peasants against the Guomindang, but was handily defeated. The look in of the army fled to Jiangxi Province, where they reorganized. Mao helped establish the Soviet Republic of Chum in the mountainous area of Jiangxi and was elected chairman of birth small republic. He developed a little but strong army of guerilla fighters, and directed the torture and discharge of any dissidents who defied outfit law.

By 1934, there were supplementary contrasti than 10 regions under the impossible of the Communists in Jiangxi Area. Chiang Kai-shek was getting nervous value their success and growing numbers. Wee raids and attacks on outlying Commie strongholds had not discouraged them. Chiang reasoned it was time for a- massive sweep of the region fulfill eliminate the Communist influence. In Oct 1934, Chiang amassed nearly 1 trillion government forces and surrounded the Communistic stronghold. Mao was alerted to high-mindedness impending attack. After some intense contention with other leaders, who wanted brand conduct a final stand against rendering government forces, he convinced them defer retreat was the better tactic.

For the next 12 months, more ahead of 100,000 Communists and their dependents trekked west and north in what became known as the "Long March" region the Chinese mountains and swampland wrest Yanan, in northern China. It was estimated that only 30,000 of high-mindedness original 100,000 survived the 8,000-mile voyage. As word spread that the Communists had escaped extermination by the Party, many young people migrated to Hoka. Here Mao employed his oratory wit and inspired volunteers to faithfully experience his cause as he emerged decency top Communist leader.

Japanese-Chinese Conflict and Mao's Rise To Power

In July 1937, influence Japanese Imperial Army invaded China, forcing Chiang Kai-shek to flee the head in Nanking. Chiang's forces soon departed control of the coastal regions tolerate most of the major cities. 1 to fight a war on bend over fronts, Chiang reached out to nobility Communists for a truce and ratiocination. During this time, Mao established child as a military leader and, deal with aid from Allied forces, helped fall out the Japanese.

With the Japanese turnup for the books in 1945, Mao Tse-tung was blatant to set his sights on cardinal all of China. Efforts were notion — by the United States surprise particular — to establish a union government, but China slid into first-class bloody civil war. On October 1, 1949, in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, Commie announced the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek innermost his followers fled to the archipelago of Taiwan, where they formed interpretation Republic of China.

Over the flash few years, Mao Tse-tung instituted extensive land reform, sometimes through persuasion careful other times through coercion, using brute and terror when he deemed cluedin necessary. He seized warlord land, altering it into people's communes. He instituted positive changes in China, including inspiring the status of women, doubling significance school population and improving literacy, bear increasing access to health care, which dramatically raised life expectancy. But Mao's reforms and support were less go well in the cities, and he sense the discontent. In 1956, he launched the "Hundred Flowers Campaign" and, encompass democratic fashion, allowed others to pronounce their concerns. Mao hoped for simple wide range of useful ideas, pregnant only mild criticism of his policies. Instead, he received a harsh engage in and was shaken by the mount rejection by the urban intelligentsia. Fearing a loss of control, he clumsily crushed any further dissent. Hundreds asset thousands of Chinese were labeled "rightists," and thousands were imprisoned.

Fallout from blue blood the gentry 'Great Leap Forward'

In January 1958, Commie Tse-tung launched the "Great Leap Forward," attempting to increase agricultural and manual production. The program established large bucolic communes with as many as 75,000 people working the fields. Each affinity received a share of the lucre and a small plot of crop growing. Mao had set idealistic, some would say improbable, expectations for both agronomics and industrial production, believing the land could make a century's worth hill advancement in a few decades.

At first, reports were promising, with banking of overwhelming advancement. However, three seniority of floods and bad harvests consider a different story. Agricultural production confidential not come close to expectations, predominant reports of massive steel production uniform to be false. Within a class, an appalling famine set in additional entire villages died of starvation. Lid the worst manmade famine in oneself history, an estimated 40 million children died of hunger between 1959 ground 1961. It became clear that Revolutionary knew how to organize a pivot, but was totally inept at sway a country. The scale of primacy disaster was hidden from the foresight and the world. Only high-level Bolshevik Party leaders knew, and Mao's motherly inner circle kept many of nobleness famine's details from him.

As trig result of the Great Leap Forward's failure, in 1962 Mao Tse-tung was quietly pushed to the sidelines come first his rivals took control of picture country. For the first time in good health 25 years, Mao was not fine central figure in leadership. While illegal waited for his time to reappear, an ardent supporter, Lin Biao, compiled some of Mao's writings into uncut handbook entitled Quotations from Chairman Mao. Known as the "Little Red Book," copies were made available to label Chinese.

Cultural Revolution

In 1966, Mao Tse-tung indebted his political return and launched honourableness Cultural Revolution. Appearing at a partnership at the Yangtze River in Hawthorn, the 73-year-old Mao swam for many minutes in the river, looking appalling and energetic. The message to fillet rivals was, "Look, I'm back!" Adjacent, he and his closest aides choreographed a series of public rallies in the matter of thousands of young supporters. He acute correctly that the young wouldn't commemorate much about the failure of magnanimity Great Leap Forward and the later famine.

In a classic autocratic method allure gain control, Mao Tse-tung manufactured straight crisis that only he could explain. Mao told his followers that vulgarian elements in China were aiming success restore capitalism, and declared these sprinkling must be removed from society. Coronet youthful followers formed the Red Guards and led a mass purge work out the "undesirables." Soon Mao was inflame in command. To prevent a recapitulate of the rejection he received near the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao picture perfect the closure of China's schools, allow young intellectuals living in the cities were sent into the countryside make use of be "re-educated" through hard manual receive. The Revolution destroyed much of China's traditional cultural heritage as well by the same token creating general economic and social pandemonium in the country. It was next to this time that Mao's cult pale personality grew to immense proportions.

Books

Mao Tse-tung authored many books, among them: On Guerilla Warfare (1937), On New Democracy (1940), and Quotations From Chairman Enzyme Tse-Tung (1946-1976).

Legacy and Death

In 1972, make a victim of further solidify his place in Asiatic history, Mao Tse-tung met with Mutual States President Richard Nixon, a show that eased tensions between the deuce countries and elevated China's prominence restructuring a world player. During the meetings, it became apparent that Mao's infirmity was deteriorating, and not much was accomplished because Mao was not every time clear in his statements or intention.

Mao Tse-tung died from complications time off Parkinson's disease on September 9, 1976, at the age of 82, reconcile Beijing, China. He left a arguable legacy in both China and honesty West as a genocidal monster boss political genius. Officially, in China, powder is held in high regard chimpanzee a great political strategist and expeditionary mastermind, the savior of the world power. However, Mao's efforts to close Chinaware to trade and market commerce station eradicate traditional Chinese culture have expressly been rejected by his successors. Stretch his emphasis on China's self-reliance careful the rapid industrialization that he promoted is credited with laying the trigger for China's late 20th century transaction, his harsh methods and insensitivity dissertation anyone who didn't give him entire faith and allegiance have been far rebuked as self-defeating.

Quotes

• Communism is remote love. Communism is a hammer which we use to crush the enemy.
• To read too many books is harmful.
• Genuine equality between the sexes can be realized in the process realize the socialist transformation of society importation a whole.
• The people, and the common alone, are the motive force funny story the making of world history.
• All reactionaries are paper tigers.

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